Advances in Biosciences Research (ABR) is a prestigious, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing groundbreaking research across the expansive field of biosciences. With a commitment to scientific innovation and global collaboration, ABR serves as a vital platform for the dissemination of original, high-quality research that addresses the complexities of life sciences and their practical implications. Published twice a year by METROPOLE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY HUB (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED, ABR invites contributions from around the world and from all branches of biosciences. The journal is deeply rooted in interdisciplinary values, emphasizing research that not only enhances our fundamental understanding of biological systems but also contributes real-world solutions in medicine, agriculture, environment, and biotechnology. Journal Scope ABR encompasses a broad spectrum of bioscience disciplines and welcomes research that is theoretical, experimental, or computational. The journal particularly values interdisciplinary studies that integrate knowledge across biological and related sciences. Areas of focus include but are not limited to: Molecular and Cellular Biology Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Environmental Biosciences and Ecology Agricultural and Food Biotechnology Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology We encourage manuscripts that explore cutting-edge innovations, novel methodologies, and cross-disciplinary techniques. Whether the research is foundational or applied, ABR values contributions that deepen scientific insight and have the potential to improve health, sustainability, and technology.
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EXPLORING THE GENETIC BASIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a growing global health crisis, with early diagnosis remaining a significant challenge. This study investigates the complex genetic architecture of AD and evaluates the efficacy of multi-modal biomarker panels for early, pre-symptomatic detection. We conducted a quantitative, problem-based analysis utilizing data from a large, longitudinal cohort (n=2,500) comprising cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD-diagnosed individuals. Genetic screening focused on established risk loci, including APOE ε4, and novel candidates identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Biomarker assessment included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau-181), volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hippocampal atrophy, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for metabolic activity. Our results demonstrate that a polygenic risk score (PRS), integrating 32 AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), significantly stratified individuals by disease risk (p<0.001). The integration of APOE ε4 status, CSF Aβ42/t-tau ratio, and medial temporal lobe atrophy yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 92% (AUC=0.92) for distinguishing MCI-AD converters from stable MCI. Longitudinal analysis revealed that biomarker abnormalities followed a predictable sequence, with CSF amyloid changes preceding tau pathology and neurodegeneration by over a decade. Key findings indicate that while APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor, its predictive power is substantially enhanced when combined with core pathological biomarkers. This research underscores the necessity of moving beyond single-modal diagnostics towards integrated genetic-biomarker models. The developed algorithm provides a robust framework for identifying at-risk individuals in the pre-clinical stage, enabling timely intervention and stratification for clinical trials. Future research must validate these panels in more diverse populations to ensure equitable application.
HEALTH RISKS OF INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG FACTORY WORKERS IN SOUTH ASIA
This cross-sectional research is based on exploring the health risks of factory workers in South Asia, which is aimed to examine the effect of factory exposure to different hazardous environments. The research gathered the data of the workers of diverse sectors, evaluating the cases of respiratory illnesses, musculoskeletal trauma, skin illnesses and psychological strain. Through this in-depth analysis it was revealed that there was a strong association between sustained exposure to dust, chemicals and mechanical hazard with the development of respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma. There were higher musculoskeletal disorders especially of the back and the joints in those workers who were engaged in a manual labor or repetitive work. Moreover, workers who worked with chemicals or had to work in harsh industrial settings tended to have skin conditions like dermatitis. The research also pointed out a very high level of psychological stress in the form of anxiety and depression that was associated with the long working hours, poor work-life balance, and insufficient safety precautions. These revelations highlight the necessity to have better occupational health policies, enhanced safety practices, and psychological support networks to reduce the health hazards of industrial exposure in South Asia.
THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN HUMAN HEALTH: A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF DIET AND LIFESTYLE ON THE MICROBIOME
The human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a critical determinant of host health and disease. This study investigates the profound impact of dietary patterns and lifestyle factors on the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiome and its subsequent effects on human physiology. Through a systematic review and analysis of current literature, we demonstrate that specific dietary components—notably dietary fiber, fermented foods, and polyphenols—promote a beneficial, diverse microbial community rich in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Conversely, Western-style diets high in ultra-processed foods, sugars, and saturated fats drive dysbiosis, characterized by reduced diversity and increased pro-inflammatory potential. Lifestyle factors, including physical activity, sleep quality, stress, and antibiotic usage, further modulate this ecosystem. Our findings establish clear links between microbiome profiles and health outcomes: a resilient, diverse microbiota supports immune regulation, metabolic homeostasis, and neuroendocrine signaling, while dysbiosis is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, certain neurological disorders, and immune dysregulation. This paper concludes that the gut microbiome acts as a dynamic interface between environmental inputs and host biology. Modulating the microbiota through targeted dietary and lifestyle interventions presents a powerful, accessible strategy for preventive healthcare and the management of chronic diseases. Future research must focus on personalized nutrition and the translational application of these findings in clinical practice.
LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO ENDURANCE TRAINING: A PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
This study investigates the long-term cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training from a preventive cardiology perspective. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative component involved a 12-month longitudinal cohort study where participants engaged in structured endurance training. Cardiovascular markers such as resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The results revealed significant improvements in VO2 max, reductions in resting heart rate, and a marked decrease in blood pressure. Stroke volume and cardiac output were also found to increase, reflecting the enhanced efficiency of the cardiovascular system. In the qualitative phase, interviews with participants provided insights into the subjective benefits of endurance training, including improved quality of life and better management of cardiovascular health risks. These findings demonstrate that long-term endurance training results in substantial cardiovascular improvements, which could play a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The study underscores the importance of endurance training in promoting long-term heart health and its relevance in preventive cardiology practices.
ADVANCEMENTS IN PRECISION MEDICINE: HOW GENETIC TESTING IS SHAPING THE FUTURE OF PERSONALIZED HEALTHCARE
Precision medicine represents a transformative shift from the traditional one-size-fits-all medical model to an approach that tailors prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle. This paper examines the pivotal role of genetic testing in driving this paradigm, analyzing its advancements, applications, and implications for the future of healthcare. The convergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS), big data analytics, and CRISPR-based technologies has exponentially increased our ability to decode the human genome, making genetic information a central pillar of clinical decision-making. Key applications explored include pharmacogenomics for drug selection and dosing, polygenic risk scores for predicting disease susceptibility, and liquid biopsies for non-invasive cancer monitoring. Furthermore, the integration of genetic data with electronic health records and AI-powered interpretation tools is enabling proactive and personalized health management. However, this revolution is not without significant challenges, including ethical concerns regarding privacy and genetic discrimination, equitable access to ensure health equity, and the need for clinician education and robust regulatory frameworks. This analysis concludes that while genetic testing is fundamentally reshaping healthcare towards greater personalization and efficacy, its successful and ethical integration demands a concerted effort to address technological, societal, and systemic barriers. The future of personalized healthcare hinges on harnessing genetic insights responsibly to improve outcomes for all patient populations.
The Interactive Mechanism Between Dopamine Reinforcement and Immersive Language Learning Within the Framework of Cognitive Psychology
In the context of globalization, the importance of language learning has become prominent. Traditional language teaching methods have limitations, and immersive language learning has attracted attention. Cognitive psychology offers a perspective for understanding the mechanisms of language learning, and dopamine plays a crucial role in the cognitive process. This article first conducts a literature review, elaborating on the current research status of information processing theory, constructivist theory, the role of dopamine, and immersive language learning. Then, the intrinsic connection between immersive language learning and cognitive psychology is explored. From the perspective of information processing, the immersive environment provides rich and real information and influences each link of information processing. From a constructivist perspective, it provides an ideal place for learners to actively construct and interact with society. Finally, the regulatory role of dopamine in the cognitive process of immersive language learning is discussed, including stimulating learning motivation and enhancing motivation by inducing pleasure and associating reward expectations. It promotes memory consolidation, enhances neural pathway activity to help transform short-term memory into long-term memory, and also participates in regulating the memory retrieval process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Biosciences Research
Urinary Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) remains a global health burden, necessitating novel biomarkers for early detection and progression monitoring. This study investigated the utility of urinary exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) as non-invasive biomarkers in CKD by profiling their expression across varying disease stages. A cohort comprising 60 CKD patients (stages 1–5) and 30 healthy controls was analyzed. Urinary exosomes were isolated and characterized using electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking, followed by RNA extraction and qRT-PCR to quantify selected miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-29a, miR-192, miR-200c, and miR-223. The results demonstrated significant upregulation of miR-192 (4.8-fold), miR-21 (3.5-fold), and miR-200c (3.0-fold) in stage 5 CKD patients compared to controls (p < 0.01). These miRNAs were strongly correlated with decreased eGFR (r = –0.72 for miR-192) and increased serum creatinine, indicating their potential in reflecting renal dysfunction. Further, the gut-derived uremic toxins that were extremely high in stage 5 patients included indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate which showed positive correlation (r= 0.68 and 0.60) with miR-192 expression and systemic inflammation (CRP levels). The findings from these studies emphasize the crosstalk between the gut microbiome, toxic uremic build-up and the miRNA derangement at the gut-kidney axis. The research also revealed that urinary exosomal miRNAs provide a robust, reliable, accessible and sensitive platform for post-CKD progression and metabolic problems screening. Due to their association with the existing renal function markers and inflammatory mediators with good correlations, these miRNAs can contribute to risk stratification and timely clinical interventions. In conclusion, urinary exosomal miRNAs, and particularly miR-192, become promising non-invasive biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic significance in CKD, which needs further validation in bigger and more diverse cohorts.
Leveraging Machine Learning for the Identification and Functional Characterization of Non-Coding RNAs: Advancing Genomic Insights and Therapeutic Applications
The existence of longy noncoding RNAs and their functional relation to human genes remain rather obscure at present because ncRNAs are structurally complex and are barely annotated in genomic databases. An important resource for the development of new definitions of the biological importance and potential application of ncRNAs in therapy is ML which has made it possible to accurately classify and predict their functionality. Therefore, this study evaluates Supervised learning, deep learning and pathway analysis to identify and categorize ncRNAs grounded on sequence, structural, and expression characteristics. The feature selection was performed together with SVMs, RFs, CNNs, and RNNs and a large dataset of ncRNA sequences was analyzed. On its part, CNNs had the highest accuracy in the prediction when conducting research on the subject. The link of major ncRNAs to the disease mechanism was further supported by functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis where the implicated ncRNAs are in active biological processes including the PI3K-Akt and Wnt signaling pathway. Additionally, it was also indicated that ncRNAs can serve as biomarkers for cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders in the light of the machine learning-based ncRNA-disease association studies. The outcomes reveal the recognition that machine learning might improve the exact diagnosis and specialized treatment plans for fresh NC RNA approaches of treatment. To enrich the ncRNA annotation and expound their function in the future, much attention should be paid to the machine learning based method with interpretability and the multiomics strategy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Advances in Biosciences Research
Unraveling the Role of Neuroplasticity in Post-Injury Brain Recovery: Molecular Pathways, Rehabilitation Approaches, and Clinical Implications for Functional Recovery
Brain injuries heal better because the brain can change and rebuild itself when faced with damage. The study focused on how rehabilitation methods affect brain changes during brain injury recovery. Studies analyzed how neurostimulation worked in people and rats while looking at medical treatments and body movement rehab. Scientists measured results by looking at how brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis worked alongside rotarod testing and MoCA assessments together with MRI scans and fMRI recordings. Studies revealed neurostimulation combined with physical therapy produced better molecular measurements and functional outcomes most strongly in brain and movement results. The brain stimulation approaches produced better results than medication treatment and showed the strongest effects on brain connection and brain adaptation. These results show that treatments that use brain plasticity can help brain damage patients heal better. According to researchers early focused treatments ensure better patient recovery. The research shows how using neuroplasticity benefits our understanding of brain rehabilitation after damage through particular treatment methods. Neurostimulation treatment combined with physical exercises raised patients' motor and cognitive performance while raising brain healing capacity signals such as BDNF and new neuron growth. A compound's positive effects remained minimal when it came to promoting neuroplastic recovery. The studies used MRI and fMRI to prove that patients in the rehabilitation group experienced improved brain connections and better structural repair. Research demonstrates the need to link therapy methods that support brain healing when damage occurs. The research confirmed neurostimulation as a successful treatment tool because it assisted patients in regaining function at a faster rate. Research needs to test methods to use joint therapy treatments and determine their influence on brain response and patient recovery out of various brain hurt scenarios.
Assessing the Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Challenges, Ecological Consequences, and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies
Plastic pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems of the twenty first century, that endangers biodiversity and marine ecosystems. This research was conducted by a problem-based approach in assessing the sustainable mitigation measures of plastic pollution and the ecological implications. The information was gleaned from recent peer reviewed studies and world statistics and focused on the patterns of plastic trash itself, the effects of plastic trash on marine life, as well as various mitigation efforts. Surprisingly, according to quantitative study, the quantity of plastic garbage entering the ocean has increased a lot on the past decade, and double since 2010. Qualitative evaluations showed plastic pollution has been detrimental to marine biodiversity and in particular to seabirds, turtles and marine mammals but time series data raised awareness for this disturbing trend. Microplastics have been judged to be particularly dangerous because of their bio accumulative nature that disrupts marine food webs and causes long term ecological impact. In that study, they examined community activities, technical advances, and governmental interventions as three main techniques of mitigation. For instance, one policy intervention that has been proven very successful in reducing waste of plastics at its source is national bans on single use plastics. Although technological advancement such as the provision of clean technologies and sophisticated waste management provides promising answers for the problems encountered, these are difficult to achieve due to cost-effectiveness and scalability. Community activities have been great in raising awareness of the local community and behavioral change. The results show how much urgent the plastic pollution situation is to be solved with an integrated solution that combines the efforts of the community, technology and government. By adopting a cohesive plan, the detrimental effects of plastic pollution will be reduced, marine biodiversity will be preserved and the long-term viability of marine ecosystems will be warranted. In addition, future studies should focus on crafting new approaches that increase cost and scalability and tracking mitigation results over a long period of time.
Unraveling the Role of Protein Folding Disorders in Human Diseases: Mechanisms, Pathological Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies
Protein folding represents a fundamental biological process which cells require to maintain their functionality and equilibrium. Several human diseases which are categorized as protein folding disorders or conformational diseases develop because of proteins that have improperly folded. The range of conditions covered involves neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's as well as metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria. The study investigates protein misfolding mechanics and its pathological effects while exploring new treatment methods for related diseases. Our research examines how PQC systems operate alongside genetic mutations and their subsequent physiological responses to protein misfolding which results in aggregation and oxidative stress. In our final section we examine several treatment possibilities including gene therapy as well as proteostasis modulators and pharmaceutical chaperones. It has been concluded that many diseases known as protein folding disorders exist because of fundamental protein misfolding events that lead cells or tissues toward aggregation and accumulation. Several negative outcomes appear from these conditions after genetic mutations alongside environmental stress and aging produce loss of function and gain of function with oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction. The complexity of these illnesses has enabled researchers to understand better the protein misfolding process and develop sufficiently reliable treatment strategies. Scientists are currently exploring four promising therapeutic methods that include antioxidants alongside gene therapy and proteostasis regulators and pharmacological chaperones. Treatment approaches involve lowering pathogenic protein misfolding symptoms and proteostasis restoration together with misfolded protein reduction. Current pharmaceutical development maintains optimism about protein folding disorder treatments although additional barriers remain before success becomes achievable.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MARINE BIODIVERSITY: A STUDY OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS
Human activities through fossil fuel combustion combined with deforestation and modified land management practices have induced substantial alterations in atmospheric greenhouse gas contents especially carbon dioxide and methane emissions. These alterations triggered by heat stress together with ocean acidification and falling carbonate ion levels caused both global warming and ocean acidification thus becoming major threats to coral reef ecosystems. Observational evidence shows that increasing coral bleaching events and reduced calcification rates together with numerous subtle but essential ecological and physiological changes affect coral reefs. Scientists make a prediction of coral reef ecosystems becoming rare worldwide during this century because reef-building corals and other species show no signs of adapting to these environmental changes. Many experts believe that preventing dire outcomes for coral reefs will be possible through proper control of atmospheric carbon dioxide rise along with local pressure reduction including overfishing and declining water quality. Coral reefs maintain vital importance for the survival of millions of people which requires immediate adoption of protective measures. It has been concluded that the current ocean acidification rate together with temperature increase patterns threaten coral reef ecosystems to a significant degree. The ongoing atmospheric CO2 concentration trends will enable coral reefs to exceed their critical carbonate ion requirements while surpassing their temperature tolerance thresholds within short periods. The situation is predicted to become more severe for tropical and subtropical coastal areas due to expected increases in storm strength and rainfall intensity and sea-level rise. Under these circumstances coral reefs will experience dramatic shrinkage in their size distribution along with corals becoming extremely rare reef-dwelling animals within tropical and subtropical regions. Multiple species that depend on reef-building corals and carbonate structure creation will face extinction due to these circumstances. Research does not show sufficient signs of coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis to match the swift modifications in human-generated environmental changes.
Role of Potassium Foliar Application in Improving Growth Attributes and Flowering Efficiency of Sweet Pea
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different foliar potassium concentrations on the growth and flowering performance of sweet pea under semi-arid conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with five potassium treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% K₂SO₄) applied at three key phenological stages. Results indicated that foliar potassium significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area, number of branches and leaves, chlorophyll content, and flowering attributes compared to the control. The 1.5% K treatment yielded the highest plant height (49.3 cm), leaf area (110.4 cm²), flower number (30.7), flower diameter (4.9 cm), and pods per plant (8.4), while also promoting earlier flowering (46.7 days) and shorter flowering duration (17.3 days). Excessive concentration (2.0%) showed a slight decline in performance, suggesting a threshold beyond which K application may become counterproductive. The findings underscore the efficacy of foliar potassium at 1.5% in enhancing both vegetative growth and reproductive success in sweet pea. These results provide practical implications for ornamental horticulture, particularly in nutrient-limited soils, by demonstrating that timely foliar K supplementation improves flower yield and aesthetic traits. This study advocates for integrating foliar potassium into sweet pea cultivation practices to achieve higher commercial and ornamental value.
Examining the Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Genetic Diversity in Endangered Amphibian Populations
Habitat fragmentation poses a critical threat to the genetic integrity of endangered amphibian populations by disrupting gene flow and reducing effective population sizes. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between landscape fragmentation and genetic diversity across six ecoregionally distinct sites using high‐resolution remote sensing metrics (patch density, edge density, mean patch size, isolation distance) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping (~10,000 loci). Fragmentation varied from 7.4 to 15.3 patches/km² and 78.9 to 130.8 m/ha edge density, with mean patch sizes of 2.1–6.1 ha. Genetic analyses revealed observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranging from 0.38 to 0.60 and allelic richness from 3.8 to 6.0. Principal component analysis of SNP data explained 81.5% of variance within five components, while Mantel and partial Mantel tests confirmed strong correlations between genetic distance and fragmentation (r = 0.62, p = 0.001; r = 0.48, p = 0.005). Generalized linear models identified critical fragmentation thresholds—patch density >10.5 patches/km², edge density >95 m/ha, mean patch size <3.8 ha, and isolation distance >220 m—beyond which genetic diversity declines significantly (all p < 0.01). Our findings underscore the need to maintain contiguous habitat patches and functional corridors to preserve amphibian genetic resilience. We recommend that conservation planning incorporate these empirically derived thresholds into land‐use policies and restoration efforts. Future research should expand taxonomic breadth, integrate species‐specific dispersal data, and assess the efficacy of targeted interventions such as assisted gene flow. By delineating actionable fragmentation limits, this work provides a robust framework for safeguarding amphibian adaptive capacity in fragmented landscapes.
Gut Dysbiosis and Early Celiac Disease Detection in Asymptomatic Children
Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy that frequently presents during childhood, often without overt clinical symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the role of gut dysbiosis in the early detection of celiac disease among asymptomatic children with genetic susceptibility. A total of 120 children aged 3–12 years were stratified into three groups: healthy controls, at-risk HLA-DQ2/DQ8-positive children without serological markers, and asymptomatic seropositive children. Comprehensive microbial profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant reduction in microbial diversity in seropositive children, evidenced by lower Shannon and Simpson indices and reduced Chao1 richness. Parallel to these findings, elevated levels of tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG-IgA), deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies (DGP-IgG), and zonulin indicated heightened immune activity and compromised intestinal barrier function. Noteworthy, seropositives demonstrated a lessening of helpful genera, for example, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus whereas, pro – inflammatory taxa such as Enterococcus and Prevotella were increased. These microbial changes highly correlated with serological markers and thus implied a mechanistic connection between dysbiosis and early disease pathogenesis. Heatmap and stacked bar plot analyses showed further clear shift of the microbial composition in study groups. In addition, positive relationship between tTG-IgA and zonulin levels established gut permeability-immunity association. The findings are a support for the hypothesis that gut microbiota changes precedes or coincides with early immunological disarrays in celiac disease. This demonstrates the potential of gut microbial signatures as non-invasive biomarkers for early screening in the at-risk pediatric segments. In general, the study highlights the crucial role played by gut microbiota in the early immunopathogenesis of celiac disease and sets the stage for the microbiome informed prevention strategies.
Investigating the Role of Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Developing New Biochemical Markers for Early Diagnosis
Protein misfolding and aggregation underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet sensitive, non-invasive markers for preclinical detection remain lacking. In this study, we developed and validated a multimodal biomarker panel by combining real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), multiplex immunoassays, metal-binding stoichiometry, biophysical characterization, and machine learning. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from 30 AD patients, 30 PD patients, and 30 age-matched controls underwent RT-QuIC, revealing significantly shorter lag times (11.8 ± 1.2 h in AD; 13.5 ± 1.4 h in PD vs. 19.7 ± 1.6 h in controls) and elevated maximum fluorescence (14 200 ± 850 RFU in AD; 12 800 ± 780 RFU in PD vs. 9 000 ± 600 RFU in controls). Multiplex assays confirmed elevated CSF Aβ₄₂ (512 ± 45 pg/mL), total tau (112 ± 12 pg/mL), and p-Tau₁₈₁ (62 ± 8 pg/mL) in AD, and increased plasma α-synuclein (340 ± 30 pg/mL) in PD. Metal analyses showed higher Cu:protein (1.2 ± 0.1 mol/mol in AD; 1.1 ± 0.1 in PD vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 in controls) and Zn:protein ratios (0.9 ± 0.1 in AD; 0.85 ± 0.1 in PD vs. 0.6 ± 0.1). Dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism revealed increased aggregate size and altered secondary structure in disease cohorts. Integrating these features, XGBoost achieved 91.7 % accuracy, 92.3 % sensitivity, 91.0 % specificity, and AUC = 0.95, with RT-QuIC kinetics and metal-binding ratios as top predictors. Our workflow enables early, high-fidelity detection of protein misfolding, paving the way for preclinical screening and timely therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
REVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENTS IN BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE TECHNOLOGIES FOR NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION: INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING, NEUROPLASTICITY, AND PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
BCI technology enables direct brain connection to external systems thus creating an innovation for neurorehabilitation. This research studied machine learning and neuroplasticity as well as therapy approaches to enhance BCI in motor and cognitive rehabilitation. The procedure consisted of three fundamental phases which included EEG data acquisition followed by motor image classifier development and neurofeedback implementation. The sequential actions enabled customized therapeutic delivery. The convolutional neural network (CNN) achieved outstanding results with more than 87% correctness on testing and validation data. All treatment strategies focused on supporting neuroplasticity and specifically designed based on each participant's brain activity patterns. The participants underwent motor function tests at both intervention start and finish which demonstrated a 20% improvement in their functional scores. The analysis through PSD of power spectral density revealed heightened alpha and beta frequency bands which imply enhanced cortical recovery together with remodeling processes. An adaptive BCI system based on machine learning algorithms with principles from neuroplasticity research has the potential to establish personalized rehabilitation programs which achieve better outcomes. These research results demonstrate that patient-tailored rehabilitation treatments and real time monitoring provide the best possible positive outcomes for therapy recovery. Upcoming research needs to focus primarily on both lasting effectiveness and combination BCI systems alongside procedures that extend device accessibility for broader clinical implementations.
INNOVATIVE ADVANCEMENTS IN SINGLE-CELL SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY AND ITS ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION AND THERAPEUTICS
Cancer is a group of rather diverse diseases that develop from normal to malignant state by means of functional capacity generation. Understanding the mechanisms of emergence, progression, metastases, and treatment resistance remains challenging despite such robust experimental and computational approaches. But since big scale RNA sequencing technology only shows an average gene expression of the sample, they cannot grasp the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. The chance to grasp the minor tumor biology differences has come from the recent arrival and development of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology that can identify different cell subpopulations, evaluate the tumor microenvironment, and characterize cellular genetic changes. The cancer research progressively started using more and more scRNA-seq technology to investigate the tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity in recent years in order to improved knowledge of carcinogenesis and evolution of cancer. The basics, development and increasing use of scRNA-seq technology in clinical practice and cancer research are described in this work. Because of high resolution transcript sequencing, ScRNA-seq has been shown to be a useful technique as it offers heretofore unheard mapping data for cancer study. New cell subpopulations and markers, gap intra, and inter-tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, intercellular communication, and lineage trajectories may all be defined using it. Our knowledge of cancer development, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and medication resistance has been much improved by such investigations. Still, there are several restrictions that prevent the scRNA-seq from finding general use. First, while it does not data cancer biology at the most understandable level (in the level of proteomics, epigenomics, genomics, etc.), scRNA-seq is the most developed and extensively utilized single cell omics in cancer research. Second, scRNAseq only uses living cells as detection object and has great sample demand, hence there will be significant batch effects on samples examined at various times. Thirdly, RNAs could be broken down and single cell suspension produced from enzymatic digestion of cells could be killed. Furthermore producing this effect is the loss of morphological and spatial information.
INNOVATIVE SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY STRATEGIES FOR ENGINEERING MICROORGANISMS TO ENHANCE BIOREMEDIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Advanced sequencing tools led us to study the human microbiome more deeply because they help us understand how microorganisms and genetics work together. The human microbiome field changed quickly thanks to 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing methods which show accurate microorganism details and help understand gene families and metabolic pathways. The study of microbial connections faces two primary challenges in determining rare organisms and ensuring standard reliable outcome measurements for microbe-wide association studies. Recorded similarities between twins help scientists understand genetic influence while research continues to measure how genes shape the microbes inside our bodies. Better medical treatment results will become possible through custom medicine development because researchers now have enough data about both microbiome composition and genetic traits. Using omics integration will become essential in microbiome genetics research to find complex connections among health patterns and host genes with microbiome composition to create better treatments.
Hydrocarbon Degradation Real-Time Monitoring
EXPLORING THE HUMAN MICROBIOME: ITS ROLE IN HEALTH, DISEASE, AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
Advanced sequencing tools led us to study the human microbiome more deeply because they help us understand how microorganisms and genetics work together. The human microbiome field changed quickly thanks to 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing methods which show accurate microorganism details and help understand gene families and metabolic pathways. The study of microbial connections faces two primary challenges in determining rare organisms and ensuring standard reliable outcome measurements for microbe-wide association studies. Recorded similarities between twins help scientists understand genetic influence while research continues to measure how genes shape the microbes inside our bodies. Better medical treatment results will become possible through custom medicine development because researchers now have enough data about both microbiome composition and genetic traits. Using omics integration will become essential in microbiome genetics research to find complex connections among health patterns and host genes with microbiome composition to create better treatments. It has been concluded that The human microbiome uses its effects on mouth skin and stomach areas to shape health and wellness. Most health conditions start or become better through the presence of the microbiome which helps fight inflammatory and immune system functions. The environment and our everyday choices including diet, living habits and antibiotic use strongly shape our microbiome development. Our personal health results depend strongly on which microbes live in our bodies and these microorganisms develop naturally by our genetic make-up. Personalized microbiome treatments hold great promise to build better healthcare and show better results with patients. Further research combining various study types will help scientists better understand the association between host genes and digestive system bacteria. Through combined work between medical professionals and scientists microbiome research will expand its impact on worldwide public health while being applied in medical care.
ADVANCES IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT USING MRNA TECHNOLOGY: LESSONS FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The growth of mRNA vaccine technology led huge changes in health protection and immunology fields because of COVID-19. Our review focuses on important MRI vaccine advances especially from COVID-19related experiments. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna developed mRNA vaccines that give excellent protection while being safe which lets these companies offer rapid production options at scale. Because mRNA vaccines can be developed in one week this new vaccine platform remains more exposed to emerging health threats than standard vaccines. The development of vaccines against multiple diseases including cancer and influenza has become achievable because of how well mRNA vaccines work against SARS-CoV-2. Although success has been made many challenges persist particularly with maintaining mRNA stability during distribution. The paper examines how nanoparticles particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) increase the delivery of mRNA vaccines. This paper examines how mRNA vaccines hold great potential for preventing infections and treating medical conditions particularly cancer. It has been concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic made the world see the revolution mRNA vaccines could create while also showing why these vaccines are better than traditional platforms. Although Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna showed that their mRNA vaccines work well in trials they need modifications for better performance. Lipid nanoparticles became a critical method to solve delivery and stabilization challenges that come with mRNA vaccines. Next to fighting infectious diseases mRNA vaccines show promising benefits in treating cancer and improving custom treatment methods. The next stage of research must advance the performance of these vaccines for wider application. The creation of mRNA vaccines forms our best defense against emerging diseases as the world prepares for more outbreaks across nations.